Anon. Biography of George Armitage Miller. (11 Jul 2009) Kurzweil, Contributors. Retrieved from http://www.kurzweilai.net/george-a-miller.

  George A. Miller

  July 11, 2009

  George Armitage Miller was born February 3, 1920, in Charleston, West Virginia. In 1940 he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Alabama and in 1946 he received his Ph.D. in Psychology from Harvard University.

  At Harvard, during and after World War II, he studied speech production and perception. In 1948 C. E. Shannon’s mathematical theory of communication inspired a series of experiments measuring how far a listener’s expectations influence his perceptions. Miller summarized that work in 1951 in “Language and Communication,” a text that helped to establish psycholinguistics as an independent field of research in psychology. He subsequently tried to extend Shannon’s measure of information to explain short-term memory, work that resulted in a widely quoted (and often misquoted) paper, “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two.”

  Miller’s attempts to estimate the amount of information per word in conversational speech led him to Noam Chomsky, who showed him how the sequential predictability of speech follows from adherence to grammatical, not probabilistic, rules. The next decade was spent testing psychological implications of Chomsky’s theories. Some of those ideas found expression in 1960 in “Plans and the Structure of Behavior,” a book written jointly with E. Galanter and K. Pribram. In 1960 Miller was co-founder, along with J. S. Bruner, of the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies. On the basis of these activities, Miller is generally considered one of the fathers of modern cognitive psychology. In 1962 he was elected to the National Academy of Science.

  Miller visited The Rockefeller University in New York in 1967, and in 1968 decided to stay there as Professor of Experimental Psychology. In 1969 he was elected President of the American Psychological Association. By then his research interests had shifted from grammar to lexicon, and in 1976 “Language and Perception,” written with P. N. Johnson-Laird, presented a detailed hypothesis about the way lexical information is stored in a person’s long-term memory. Miller attempted to test some aspects of the hypothesis with studies of the development of language in young children; that project was summarized in 1977 in “Spontaneous Apprentices: Children and Language.” During this time, he served as a consultant to the Sloan Foundation in the program that helped to create the new field of cognitive science.

  In 1979 Miller moved to Princeton University, where he is now James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Psychology, Emeritus. In 1986, in collaboration with Gilbert Harman, he established the Princeton Cognitive Science Laboratory. In 1990 he wrote “The Science of Words,” which won the William James Book Award from Division 1 of the American Psychological Association. In 1991 he was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Bush.

  From 1989 to 1994 Miller served as Program Director of the McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience. His own research has produced WordNet, a lexical database that is widely used by computational linguists as part of natural language processing systems; Miller’s current interest is to use WordNet to identify the intended senses of polysemous words on the basis of their contexts of use.

Anon. “Kama Sutra” (20 Jan 2018) Wikipedia.

  The Kama Sutra (Sanskrit: कामसूत्र About this sound pronunciation (help·info), Kāmasūtra) is an ancient Indian Hindu[1][2] text written by Vātsyāyana. It is widely considered to be the standard work on human sexual behaviour in Sanskrit literature.

  A portion of the work consists of practical advice on sexual intercourse.[3] It is largely in prose, with many inserted anustubh poetry verses. "Kāma" which is one of the four goals of Hindu life, means desire including sexual desire, the latter being the subject of the textbook, and "sūtra" literally means a thread or line that holds things together, and more metaphorically refers to an aphorism (or line, rule, formula), or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual.

  Contrary to western popular perception, the Kama Sutra is not exclusively a sex manual; it presents itself as a guide to a virtuous and gracious living that discusses the nature of love, family life, and other aspects pertaining to pleasure-oriented faculties of human life.[4][5] The Kama Sutra, in parts of the world, is presumed or depicted as a synonym for creative sexual positions; in reality, only 20% of the Kama Sutra is about sexual positions. The majority of the book, notes Jacob Levy,[6] is about the philosophy and theory of love, what triggers desire, what sustains it, and how and when it is good or bad.[7]

  The Kama Sutra is the oldest and most notable of a group of texts known generically as Kama Shastra (Sanskrit: Kāma Śāstra).[8]

  Historians believe the Kama Sutra to have been composed between 400 BCE and 200 CE.[9] John Keay says that the Kama Sutra is a compendium that was collected into its present form in the 2nd century CE.[10]

1.       Doniger, Wendy (2003). Kamasutra – Oxford World's Classics. Oxford University Press. p. i. ISBN 978-0-19-283982-4. The Kamasutra is the oldest extant Hindu textbook of erotic love. It was composed in Sanskrit, the literary language of ancient India, probably in North India and probably sometime in the third century

2.       Coltrane, Scott (1998). Gender and families. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8039-9036-4.

3.       Common misconceptions about Kama Sutra. "The Kama Sutra is neither exclusively a sex manual nor, as also commonly used art, a sacred or religious work. It is certainly not a tantric text. In opening with a discussion of the three aims of ancient Hindu life – dharma, artha and kama – Vatsyayana's purpose is to set kama, or enjoyment of the senses, in context. Thus dharma or virtuous living is the highest aim, artha, the amassing of wealth is next, and kama is the least of three." —Indra Sinha.

4.       Carroll, Janell (2009). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-495-60274-3.

5.       Devi, Chandi (2008). From Om to Orgasm: The Tantra Primer for Living in Bliss. AuthorHouse. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-4343-4960-6.

6.       Jacob Levy (2010), Kama sense marketing, iUniverse, ISBN 978-1440195563, see Introduction

7.       Alain Daniélou, The Complete Kama Sutra: The First Unabridged Modern Translation of the Classic Indian Text, ISBN 978-0892815258.

8.       For Kama Sutra as the most notable of the kāma śhāstra literature see: Flood (1996), p. 65.

9.       Sengupta, J. (2006). Refractions of Desire, Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Anita Desai. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 21. ISBN 9788126906291. Retrieved 7 December 2014.

10.   John Keay (2010). India: A History: from the Earliest Civilisations to the Boom of the Twenty-first Century. Grove Press. pp. 81–103.

Vatsyayana. The Complete Kama Sutra: The First Unabridged Modern Translation of the Classic Indian Text by Vatsyayana, including the Jayamangala commentary from the Sanskrit by Yashodhara and extracts from the Hindi commentary by Devadatta Shastra. (Date Unknown) VT: Rochester, Park Street Press, 1994. Translator, Alain Daniélou.

 Editor’s Note

  Introduction by Alain Daniélou

  Part One: General Remarks

  Chapter One: Contents of the Book

  Chapter Two: The Three Aims of Life

  Chapter Three: The Acquisition of Knowledge

  Chapter Four: The Conduct of the Well-bred Townsman

  Chapter Five: Reflections on Intermediaries Who Assist the Lover in His Enterprises

  Part Two: Amorous Advances

  Chapter One: Stimulation of Erotic Desire

  Chapter Two: Embraces

  Chapter Three: Petting and Caresses

  Chapter Four: The Art of Scratching

  Chapter Five: Biting

  Chapter Six: On Copulation and Special Tastes

  Chapter Seven: Blows and Sighs

  Chapter Eight: Virile Behaviour in Women

  Chapter Nine: Superior Coition or Fellation

  Chapter Ten: Preludes and Conclusions to the Game of Love

  Part Three: Acquiring a Wife

  Chapter One: Forms of Marriage

  Chapter Two: How to Relax a Girl

  Chapter Three: Ways of Obtaining a Girl

  Chapter Four: How to Manage Alone

  Chapter Five: Union by Marriage

  Part Four: Duties and Priviledges of the Wife

  Chapter One: Conduct of the Only Wife

  Chapter Two: Conduct of the Chief Wife and Other Wives

  Part Five: Other Men’s Wives

  Chapter One: Behaviour of Woman and Man

  Chapter Two: Encounters to Get Acquainted

  Chapter Three: Examination of Sentiments

  Chapter Four: The Task of the Go-between

  Chapter Five: The King’s Pleasures

  Chapter Six: Behaviour in the Gynoecium

  Part Six: About Courtesans

  Chapter One: Advice of the Assistants on the Choice of Lovers

  Chapter Two: Looking for a Steady Lover

  Chapter Three: Ways of Making Money

  Chapter Four: Renewing Friendship with a Former Lover

  Chapter Five: Occasional Profits

  Chapter Six: Profits and Losses: Reflections on Doubts Concerning the Advantages and Disadvantages of Relations

  Part Seven: Occult Practices

  Chapter One: Success in Love

  Chapter Two: Arousing a Weakened Sexual Power

  Appendices

  One: Texts Quoted

  Two: Mythical and Historical Characters and Authors Mentioned in the Text

  Three: Works Consulted

  Four: Glossary I: Plants, Herbs, Spices, and Sundry Products

  Five: Glossary II: Special Terms

  Index

  About the Translator

 Part One: General Remarks

  Part Two: Amorous Advances

  Part Three: Acquiring a Wife

  Part Four: Duties and Priviledges of the Wife

  Part Five: Other Men’s Wives

  Part Six: About Courtesans

  Part Seven: Occult Practices

  Part One, Chapter One

  Invocation

  Origin and development of erotic science, or Kāma Shāstra

  Summary of subjects dealt with in the Kāma Sutra

  End of the First Chapter Contents of the Book of the First Part entitled General Remarks

  Part One, Chapter Two

  End of the Second Chapter The Three Aims of Life of the First Part entitled General Remarks

 

  Part One, Chapter Three

  End of the Third Chapter The Acquisition of Knowledge of the First Part entitled General Remarks

  Part One, Chapter Four

  End of the Fourth Chapter The Conduct of the Well-bred Townsman of the First Part entitled General Remarks

  Part One, Chapter Five

  Here ends the Fifth Chapter Reflections on Intermediaries Who Assist the Lover in His Enterprises and the First Part entitled General Remarks of the Kama Sutra by Vatsyayana

  Part Two, Chapter One

  End of the First Chapter Stimulation of Erotic Desire of the Second Part entitled General Remarks

  Part Two, Chapter Two

  End of the Second Chapter Embraces of the Second Part entitled Amorous Advances

  Part Two, Chapter Three

  End of the Third Chapter Petting and Caresses of the Second Part entitled Amorous Advances

  Part Two, Chapter Four

  End of the Fourth Chapter The Art of Scratching of the Second Part entitled Amorous Advances

  Part Two, Chapter Five

  End of the Fifth Chapter Biting of the Second Part entitled Amorous Advances

  Part Two, Chapter Six

  End of the Sixth Chapter On Copulation and Special Tastes of the Second Part entitled Amorous Advances

  Part Two, Chapter Seven

  End of the Seventh Chapter Blows and Sighs of the Second Part entitled Amorous Advances

  Part Two, Chapter Eight

  End of the Eighth Chapter Virile Behaviour in Women of the Second Part entitled Amorous Advances

  Part Two, Chapter Nine

  End of the Nineth Chapter Superior Coition or Fellation of the Second Part entitled Amorous Advances

  Part Two, Chapter Ten

   Here ends the Tenth Chapter Preludes and Conclusions and the Second Part entitled Amorous Advances of the Kama Sutra by Vatsyayana

  Part Three, Chapter One

  End of the First Chapter Forms of Marriage of the Third Part entitled Acquiring a Wife

  Part Three, Chapter Two

  End of the Second Chapter How to Relax the Girl of the Third Part entitled Acquiring a Wife

  Part Three, Chapter Three

  End of the Third Chapter Ways of Obtaining the Girl of the Third Part entitled Acquiring a Wife

  Part Three, Chapter Four

  End of the Fourth Chapter How to Manage Alone of the Third Part entitled Acquiring a Wife

  Part Three, Chapter Five

   Here ends the Fifth Chapter Union by Marriage and the Third Part entitled Acquiring a Wife of the Kama Sutra by Vatsyayana

  Part Four, Chapter One

  End of the First Chapter Conduct of the Only Wife of the Fourth Part entitled Duties and Priviledges of the Wife

  Part Four, Chapter Two

   Here ends the Second Chapter Conduct of the Chief Wife and the Fourth Part entitled Duties and Priviledges of the Wife of the Kama Sutra by Vatsyayana

  Part Five, Chapter One

  End of the First Chapter Behaviour of Woman and Man of the Fifth Part entitled Other Men’s Wives

  Part Five, Chapter Two

  End of the Second Chapter Encounters to Get Acquainted of the Fifth Part entitled Other Men’s Wives

  Part Five, Chapter Three

  End of the Third Chapter Examination of Sentiments of the Fifth Part entitled Other Men’s Wives

  Part Five, Chapter Four

  End of the Fourth Chapter The Task of the Go-between of the Fifth Part entitled Other Men’s Wives

  Part Five, Chapter Five

  End of the Fifth Chapter The King’s Pleasures of the Fifth Part entitled Other Men’s Wives

  Part Five, Chapter Six

   Here ends the Sixth Chapter Behaviour in the Gynoecium and the Fifth Part entitled Other Men’s Wives of the Kama Sutra by Vatsyayana

  Part Six, Chapter One

   End of the First Chapter Advice of the Assistants on the Choice of Lovers of the Sixth Part entitled About Courtesans

   Part Six, Chapter Two

   End of the Second Chapter Looking for a Steady Lover of the Sixth Part entitled About Courtesans

   Part Six, Chapter Three

   End of the Three Chapter Ways of Making Money of the Sixth Part entitled About Courtesans

   Part Six, Chapter Four

   End of the Fourth Chapter Renewing Friendship with a Former Lover of the Sixth Part entitled About Courtesans

   Part Six, Chapter Five

   End of the Fifth Chapter Profits and Losses: Reflections on Doubts Concerning the Advantages and Disadvantages of Relations of the Sixth Part entitled About Courtesans

   Part Six, Chapter Six

   Here ends the Sixth Chapter Profits and Losses: Reflections on Doubts Concerning the Advantages and Disadvantages of Relations and the Sixth Part entitled About Courtesans of the Kama Sutra by Vatsyayana

   Part Seven, Chapter One

   End of the First Chapter Success in Love of the Seventh Part entitled Occult Practices

   Part Seven, Chapter Two

   Here ends the Second Chapter Arousing a Weakened Sexual Power and the Seventh Part entitled Occult Practices of the Kama Sutra by Vatsyayana