The following article is posted with permission from
Edward J. Carvalho and David B. Downing, eds., Academic Freedom and
Intellectual Activism in the Post-9/11 University. Works
and Days, 26 February 2009.
The published version appears in Works & Days, Special
Issue: Academic Freedom in the Post-9/11 University, Vols 26 & 27, pp 307-322
(2009) ISSN 0886-2060
Background
When I learned in June 2007 that respected author and
political science professor Norman Finkelstein had just been denied tenure at
DePaul University, I sent a letter of protest, in concert with hundreds of
other academics around the world, to the president of DePaul. I had never met
or spoken with Finkelstein, but I knew that he was a leading scholar of the
Israel-Palestine conflict. With a Ph.D. from Princeton, he was the author of
five books (with a sixth now in progress) published in 46 foreign editions. At
DePaul he was a popular instructor, with a loyal student following and teaching
evaluations among the highest in the university. He was, and continues to be, a
regularly invited speaker to leading universities worldwide.
Recognizing his accomplishments in scholarship and
teaching, Finkelstein’s colleagues in the Political Science Department had
voted overwhelmingly in the Spring of 2007 to award him tenure and promotion.
This was followed by a unanimous vote in his favor by the college personnel
committee. The subsequent reversal by the DePaul administration was made in the
face of enormous outside pressure from the Israel lobby, most especially from
Alan Dershowitz of the Harvard Law School (Grossman 2, Menetrez, Holtschneider).
Finkelstein was not denied tenure because of any
shortcomings in scholarship or teaching. Noam Chomsky had earlier described
Finkelstein’s book Beyond Chutzpuh as “a very careful scholarly book” and “the
best compendium that now exists of human rights violations in Israel” (Goodman,
“Chomsky Accuses”). The late Raul Hilberg, widely recognized as the founder of
Holocaust studies, said of Finkelstein, “his place in the whole history of
writing history is assured,” and praised his “acuity of vision and analytical
power.” (Goodman, “It Takes”).
There can be little doubt that Finkelstein was fired
because of his criticisms of Israel’s human rights violations against the
Palestinian people, and for his fact-based criticisms of the Israel lobby. Raul
Hilberg warned at the time, “I have a sinking feeling about the damage this
will do to academic freedom” (Grossman). Even the DePaul administration tacitly
conceded that his firing was politically motivated when it acknowledged
Finkelstein as a “prolific scholar and outstanding teacher’’ in a later legal
settlement (Finkelstein, “Joint Statement”).
An unstated axiom for U.S. universities is that
criticism of Israel by untenured faculty members is not allowed. Academic
freedom protects critics of the national policies of the U.S., France, England,
and every other country in the world, save one: Israel. Norman Finkelstein
violated this axiom. Had he not been Jewish he would have been vilified
successfully as anti-Semitic, and that slur alone would have isolated him from
supporters. As it is, his detractors also smear him as a “Holocaust denier,”
knowing full well that Finkelstein is the son of two Holocaust survivors, and
that the remainder of his family died in the Nazi death camps. His first book
includes a dedication “to my beloved parents,” ending with, “May I never forget
what was done to them” (Finkelstein, The Rise i, “Biography”).
Building
Support
Following an exchange of emails, I asked Finkelstein
on July 1, 2007 if he had any job prospects. His reply was, “No job prospects.
None.” So, that same day, I sent an email letter to the president and the
provost of my university, California State University, Northridge (CSUN), where
I am a math professor. I wrote, not as a mathematician, but as a faculty member
of the university in order to make the case for a unique opportunity. I urged
them to consider hiring Finkelstein for a university wide faculty position,
explaining that his presence would catapult CSUN to the front ranks of
universities worldwide, in his areas of research. Such university wide faculty
appointments at CSUN had previously been offered, and resulted in extended
visits by outside scholars.
The provost, Harry Hellenbrand, wrote back indicating
that he was interested and was willing to look into it. Through the summer
months of 2007, we held informal meetings and colleagues from several
departments sent letters to the provost urging him to bring Finkelstein to
CSUN.
Hellenbrand agreed to invite Finkelstein for a series
of lectures across a five-day visit. Such a visit, we reasoned, might kindle
greater interest among faculty and lead to an appointment. The natural location
for Finkelstein was the Political Science Department, and Mehran Kamrava, a
Middle East expert, a professor, and a former chair of that department, had
already written to the provost and to his own department in support of bringing
Finkelstein. Faculty members in other departments related to Finkelstein’s
areas of expertise also expressed support.
The
Visit
Finkelstein visited CSUN the week of February 11,
2008. In the weeks preceding his arrival, the provost and president were
lobbied heavily by Jewish groups, Rabbis, and various individuals to disinvite
Finkelstein. He was denounced in the most degrading terms. Shelly Rubin of the Jewish Defense League (JDL) posted a memo
to a JDL Blog entitled, “Stinky Finky Coming to LA”. In it Finkelstein’s
email address was provided, and he was described as “a sick, disgusting example
of self-hatred” (Rubin). Readers were urged to contact CSUN’s president, Jolene
Koester, to register their indignation. The Pro-Israel advocacy group, Stand
With Us, similarly lobbied the administration against allowing Finkelstein to
come, as did the Jewish campus organization, Hillel, and faculty members and
students in the Jewish Studies Program at CSUN. A few letters called for the
removal of the provost, and some of the letter writers threatened never to make
financial donations to CSUN again. Hellenbrand received a small number of death
threats from out of state, which he ignored. The chancellor of the 23 campus
California State University system also received some letters which he
forwarded to the campus.
The provost estimated that he received some 200
letters from members of Los Angeles Jewish organizations demanding that
Finkelstein’s invitation to give talks on campus be withdrawn. Finkelstein was
accused of denying the Holocaust and working for the destruction of Israel. Many
of these letters argued that a presentation by Finkelstein was like shouting “fire”
in a movie theater, thereby endangering the youth in attendance.
CSUN’s campus newspaper, the Daily Sundial, featured
an article about Finkelstein in its Tuesday edition, the day of his first talk
(Aguilar). The article quoted Beth Cohen, Interim director of the Jewish
Studies program at CSUN, with, “Finkelstein’s work on the Holocaust is not
regarded highly by other scholars in the field,” which of course is directly
contradicted by the world’s leading experts in the field. Similarly, Jody Myers,
Professor of Religious Studies and Coordinator of the Jewish Studies Program at
CSUN, chided, “We believe our administration should be following its own stated
mission and only invite speakers who meet our high level of scholarship and who
exercise academic responsibility,” adding, “he isn’t a responsible scholar.”
The provost responded to anti-Finkelstein lobbyists
by offering to invite speakers of their choosing. Hoping to diffuse the
situation, he did indeed invite many. However, these offers did little to
mollify the naysayers because they were not complaining about a lack of
opportunity to present their pro-Israel views. They already had many avenues
available for that purpose. Rather, their goal was to prevent students and
faculty from hearing Finkelstein, since he might be persuasive. And indeed he
was. Several faculty members, including colleagues from the natural sciences,
told me that they were positively impressed by Finkelstein’s soft-spoken, “scientific
style,” his meticulous attention to facts, and his encouragement to express
disagreement during question and answer sessions.
The provost’s introduction to Finkelstein’s first of
three talks, “Civility and Academic Freedom,” excerpted here, directly
confronted the arguments for censorship:
“America’s leading anti-Semite, grand wizard of the
KKK, leader of Hitler Youth, David Duke. In the minds of many, Norman
Finkelstein has become Hitchcock’s Norman Bates. Hysteria and outright
manipulation distort his record and thereby divert discussion from his ideas to
the bogey that people imagine. People have written me that inviting a speaker
like Norman Finkelstein is like throwing a bomb in a darkened theater; it is
like exposing the vulnerable young to inexorable evil. I do not think so. A
university should be a well lit place where intelligent people interrogate each
other sharply but civilly. Such conduct is its own protection, our only
protection, really, against evil. Have we reached the point where we fear
ideas? ... As for yelling ‘fire’ suddenly, surely, we all knew in advance that
the speaker was coming. As for trapping people in a theater, who has been
forced to stay? As for the dark, well, dialogue is enlightenment. So, I turn
the question back to you, sitting here. Are you the flash in the night?... If
our inability to manage lectures and discussions about controversial issues
forces us to leave them to the battling hacks on talk radio and the networks,
then the university indeed will become a dark theater, occupied by
know-nothings who receive their conclusions, pre-thought and pre-packaged, from
elsewhere. We will then concentrate on the ice-capades of the intellect, the
unthreatening but elegant analysis of what we already agree to as objective,
and the airing of voices that sound like us and say what we would say. We will
be the poorer for that, though I am sure much more self-righteously content. Here
is a chance to show that we are better than that.” (Hellenbrand, Notes)
Members of the JDL attended this talk, contributing
much counterpoint to both the speaker and the title of his talk. Three of them
sat together in the front row, just a few feet from the speaker. They
interrupted the provost’s introduction, one of them shouting, “Good one, Harry.
The Nazi loves you.” They hissed and jeered throughout. They aimed cameras at
the audience, panning from left to right focusing their camera lenses on
individuals throughout the meeting, so as to document those in attendance as a
form of intimidation. They issued a steady stream of vitriol at Finkelstein,
including: “You’re a sick puppy,” “Don’t call yourself a Jew,” and “Holocaust
denier!” Finkelstein responded only to the last of these. During the question
and answer period, he shot back, “You have to understand, it’s a deeply
offensive statement to say that I deny the suffering that my parents endured.”
The JDL did not spare audience members either. One young woman in attendance, a
CSUN student wearing a Palestinian scarf, was ordered, “Go hang yourself with
your scarf!”
The provost adeptly diffused the situation by
speaking to JDL members individually in the hallway outside the presentation
room. In one exchange, a JDL member repeatedly accused Finkelstein of being a “Holocaust
denier,” and Hellenbrand calmly responded each time, “No, he isn’t” until the
detractor finally asked, “He’s not?”
The talk itself had nothing to do with the Middle
East (until the question and answer period), and was well received by most in
attendance. Finkelstein discussed the limits to which academic freedom ought to
apply in general, taking as a point of reference, the 1940 decision by the New
York State Supreme Court to bar the eminent philosopher Bertrand Russell from
teaching at the City University of New York, because of his criticisms of
religion and advocacy of sexual freedom.
The subsequent talks, “The Coming Breakup of American
Zionism” and “A Critique of the Walt-Mearsheimer Thesis” included spirited
exchanges, but they were for the most part polite and not disrupted. During the
question and answer period for the final lecture, Finkelstein was accused of
promoting the destruction of Israel by members of the audience, thereby echoing
accusations received by the administration in advance of his arrival. He
responded by saying that the opposite was true. He would consider it an
enormous tragedy for Israel or any nation to be destroyed. He pointed out, by way of contrast, that
opinion polls indicate that a large percentage of young American Jews would not
feel a sense of loss over the destruction of Israel, a tendency that
Finkelstein found appalling.
Letters
of Support
After the February lectures, I again asked the
provost to bring Finkelstein for a longer stay. Hellenbrand’s response was that
this might be a possibility, but to make it happen, he “would have to be asked.”
So we continued to ask in writing.
Finkelstein’s visit generated an outpouring of
support, including from students. Scores of CSUN faculty members wrote,
including the chairs of the departments of Physics, Chemistry, Journalism,
Communication Studies, and Pan African Studies. The entire department of Women’s
Studies signed a joint letter of support. Individual faculty members from a
diversity of departments, ranging from art to engineering, also wrote urging
the administration to offer Finkelstein a visiting position.
Several eminent scholars and experts in the field
from outside the university were contacted and asked to send letters of
recommendation to the president and provost. Brief but illuminating excerpts
from some (but not all) of these letters follow. Noam
Chomsky, Institute Professor at MIT, wrote:
“I understand that Norman Finkelstein is being
considered for a position as a university-wide visiting scholar at CSUN, and am
writing in that connection. In brief, I think it would be an outstanding
appointment at any university. . . As one indication of my own evaluation, I
published a very favorable review of his Image and Reality in the
Israel-Palestine Conflict and recommended it as one of the three best books of
the year on political and international affairs, in a year-end survey of
opinion by the London Guardian. . . In general, his work is recognized to be
outstanding in the range of disciplines in which he has published. There is no
doubt in my mind that Finkelstein is a person of great intelligence and
insight, as well as unusual integrity, and that his work is of remarkably high
quality. . . In addition to his books, Finkelstein has produced a series of
fine critical and analytic essays on developments in the Middle East, on political
theory, and more recently on international law, including reviews of studies by
scholars and of court decisions, and important contributions of his own on the
politics of the Middle East and international affairs more generally. His work
is invariably conducted with scrupulous documentation, careful research, and
thoughtful and judicious evaluation and analysis. . . That he will have
outstanding success in teaching and direction of research I have no doubt. He
is unusually well qualified for the position of visiting scholar. It would be a
very strong appointment, in my judgment.”
Khaled Abou El Fadl,
Professor of Law at UCLA wrote:
“I have read every book that Professor Finkelstein
published, and I attended the lectures he delivered at CSUN, and also the
lectures he delivered this past year at UCLA. To describe Professor Finkelstein
as a towering intellectual figure—masterful, brilliant, meticulously
methodical, precise, eloquent, and exceedingly gracious and polite—does not
begin to describe him as a writer and lecturer. . .Professor Finkelstein’s
entire categorical paradigm is that he honors the memory of the Holocaust to
such an extent that he rejects any effort to politicize, or to
opportunistically capitalize on its painful memory. Indeed he is explicitly
critical of any effort to deny human suffering, or to in any way render human
suffering subservient or secondary to any functional political considerations. It
is no surprise that Professor Finkelstein’s list of admirers constitutes a
virtual hall of scholarly fame; he is very highly regarded not just by the most
accomplished intellectuals in the United States but around the world. I cannot
possibly emphasize the extent to which the fact that Professor Finkelstein is
not occupying a post in an academic institution in the United States is a
national embarrassment, and is a fundamental and quintessential breakdown of
our scholastic ideals. . . Professor Finkelstein’s presence will not just
accrue to the substantial benefit of CSUN, but will also deeply enrich the
intellectual environment of Southern California and all its schools.”
Professor Irene Gendzier of
Boston University wrote:
“I write in support of this remarkable scholar and
intellectual who is a committed believer in what the university represents and,
to judge by his teaching record, is an exceptional teacher... His vilification
in recent months for spurious reasons that have nothing to do with the quality
of his work, has served to expose the grave limits of academic freedom in the United
States, particularly where the study of the Middle East is concerned. . . Prof.
Finkelstein is an internationally recognized scholar who has won exceptional
acclaim for studies he has published on crucial aspects of modern European as
well as Middle Eastern history. I refer to his studies of the Holocaust and
Israeli policy in the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict. His work in
these areas has been marked by a critical level of erudition, a scrupulous
documentation, and a persistent moral integrity. In exposing the exploitation
of the Holocaust, and in documenting the origins of Israel’s policies toward
the Palestinians before, during and after the creation of the state, he has
addressed questions of history, memory and responsibility, and above all, of
justice. The results form an essential body of knowledge for those seeking to
understand the origins and persistence of the Israel-Palestine conflict, a
subject of overwhelming importance in the United States and, indeed, in the
world today.”
Sara Roy, Senior
Research Scholar at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University,
wrote:
“I, like Norman, am a child of Holocaust survivors
engaged in research on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Because of our shared
background I feel that I can speak about him from a position others cannot. . .
Norman’s scholarship is exceptional both for its brilliance and rigor. In the
fields of Middle Eastern studies and political science his work is considered
seminal and there is no doubt that both disciplines would be intellectually
weaker without it. Norman’s power and value, however, do not emanate only from
his scholarship but from his character. His life’s work, shaped largely but not
entirely by his experience as a child of survivors has been and continues to be
informed by a profound concern with human dignity and the danger of
dehumanization. Unlike many in the academy, including some of his most
vociferous detractors, Norman has always remained faithful to his principles
even when such consistency demanded great personal and professional sacrifice.”
Avi Shlaim, Professor
of International Relations at the University of Oxford wrote:
“Dr Finkelstein’s work straddles political theory,
the Israel-Palestine conflict, and American policy towards the Middle East. His
work in this field is immensely thorough, original, and penetrating. There are
many scholars in the United States working on this area, but Dr Finkelstein
stands out as one of the most able, most erudite, and most critical. His
articles all display a number of admirable qualities: intellectual vigour,
intellectual integrity, a capacity to get to the heart of the matter, and a
tendency to subject the conventional wisdom to searching scrutiny... I
recommend him very strongly and without any reservations for a tenured position
in any American university.”
John Trumpbour, Research
Director of Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard Law School, wrote:
“Norman Finkelstein has undoubtedly been one of the
most provocative thinkers on these sensitive subjects, and he challenges all of
us to raise the quality of our work. Even when I have had a different point of
view, he has pushed me to be a better intellectual by his relentless pursuit of
logic, reason, and evidence. . . As Research Director of a major program at
Harvard Law School, I am well aware that Norman Finkelstein has generated
hostility from one of HLS’s most famous faculty members, the Felix Frankfurter
Professor of Law Alan Dershowitz. And yet, I can testify that Norman
Finkelstein conducted himself with great dignity the various times he has
spoken at Harvard. He always allows his opponents plenty of opportunity to
criticize him. . . Finkelstein’s works have been translated into many languages
around the world. I have received my share of communications from overseas
scholars who have expressed disappointment with U.S. universities for timidity
when it comes to welcoming such a major voice of intellectual engagement and
dissent.”
Presidential
Veto
During the last week of February 2008, a retired
faculty member, inspired by Finkelstein’s lectures, offered $30,000 toward an
endowed chair at CSUN for Finkelstein. He indicated that he might be willing to
offer an even larger figure. The provost declined the email offer on the
grounds that university regulations prevented the creation of an endowed chair
for any specific individual. Curiously, the administration showed no interest
in meeting with this erstwhile donor to discuss alternate ways in which he
might contribute toward bringing Finkelstein to CSUN, or even toward more
general university projects.
Despite compelling letters of recommendation, and
substantial faculty lobbying, we faced a formidable barrier in March. We were
told by the administration that because of faculty union regulations, the
university could no longer hire any university wide visiting scholars. Instead,
all hires would have to originate from academic departments. This broadly
anti-intellectual restriction put a freeze on potential future visitors with
interdisciplinary interests, and it appeared to undo our effort to bring
Finkelstein to CSUN. (The Political Science Department seemed to want to have
nothing to do with him. Mehran Kamrava had accepted an academic position in
December at another university, and none of the remaining CSUN political
science faculty members even attended Finkelstein’s talks.)
However, our effort was resuscitated during the final
week of April, when the Chair of Journalism asked the provost to bring
Finkelstein as a visiting professor to his department. This was a good fit.
Finkelstein would make an excellent resource for faculty members interested in
the important area of Middle East affairs. He was also more than capable of
directing research projects for students, and contributing seminars, lectures,
and class visits for a range of courses. To proceed the Journalism Chair was
instructed by the provost to make a formal request to his college dean, which
he did. He submitted the necessary paperwork, but from May to mid-June, almost
nothing happened. Many of us had worked for much of the preceding year to bring
Finkelstein to CSUN, and we were anxiously waiting for the formal offer to go
out.
The coup de grâce came from the campus
president, but it came discreetly. The provost informed me on 26 June 2008 that
the president had made a policy decision not to award visiting positions, even
when they originate within a department. That policy decision put an end to our
project. It was a sharp departure from past practice, and an extraordinary bow
to the Israel Lobby, as the university had hosted departmental visiting
professors in recent years. Anticipating a possible presidential veto, I had
sent an email letter previously, on June 19, to President Koester that included
this paragraph:
The stifling of academic discussion and criticism of
Israel has reached such absurd proportions that the phalanx of orthodoxy is
beginning to crack. CSUN has a chance to play a positive role in this regard,
and at the same time to catapult itself up to the first rank among universities
worldwide in Dr. Finkelstein’s areas of expertise. As you know, the CSUN
Journalism Department has requested that Dr. Finkelstein be invited to come to
CSUN as a visiting professor starting spring semester. Please allow that
invitation to move forward. Thank you for reading this.
The following reply on behalf of the president came
June 23, also before I learned the final decision:
Dear Dr. Klein:
Thank you for your email below. The President asked
me to respond on her behalf.
As you know, the President is not directly involved
in the hiring of faculty. Such appointments fall under the purview of Academic
Affairs. We noticed you have copied both the Provost and the College Dean; I’m
sure they appreciate your comments.
Randy Reynaldo
Executive Assistant to the President
After learning the president’s policy decision not to
hire visiting professors, effectively vetoing Finkelstein’s appointment, I sent
another message on June 27 to the president:
Dear President Koester,
I understand from Provost Hellenbrand that you have
just made a policy decision not to hire visiting faculty at CSUN, even if a
request to do so originates at the department level. This decision was made
just as the administrative process to bring Dr. Finkelstein to CSUN as a
visiting scholar was nearing completion. I would like to ask you if I
understand correctly that CSUN will, from this point on, not permit the hiring
of any visiting faculty to any department. I would also appreciate it if you
would confirm that this decision was not a form of censorship on your part to
prevent criticisms of Israel’s human rights record from our campus. If I
misunderstood your policy decision, I apologize. Thank you for clarifying.
Sincerely,
David Klein
Professor of Mathematics
Her reply, dated July 1, 2008 put an end to the
exchange.
Dear David:
I understand the Provost has explained to you the
university’s practices regarding the appointment of visiting professors.
If you have further questions or wish additional
clarification, I encourage you to direct your concerns about these practices to
the Provost.
Jolene
President Koester’s note above may be compared to the
penultimate sentence in the June 8, 2007 letter of denial of tenure and
promotion to Norman Finkelstein from Rev. Dennis Holtschneider, President of
DePaul University. President Holtschneider wrote,
“If you wish to discuss this decision, you are free
to speak with the Provost, Helumt P. Epp.”
Academic
Freedom and the Israel Lobby
Academic freedom, as an abstract principle, is
universally applauded by university administrators. Any American university
president, with occasion to talk about it, will exalt Galileo and decry Pope
Urban VIII for sentencing the astronomer to house arrest. Yet, presidents and
their subordinates slide easily to the other side of the fence when confronted
with the closely analogous cases involving Norman Finkelstein, and other
scholars critical of U.S. Middle East policy.
Finkelstein is only one of many targets of academic
censorship, and the presidents of DePaul University and CSUN are far from alone
in heeding the ideological directives of the Israel lobby. A high mark in
subservience was achieved by Fr. Dennis Dease, President of the University of
St. Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota, when he withdrew an invitation to
Archbishop Desmond Tutu to speak at his university. The episode was reported in
a series of articles starting in October 2007 (Snyders, Jaschik, Shellman,
Furst).
In April 2007, members of the Justice and Peace
Studies program at St. Thomas succeeded in booking the Nobel laureate for a
campus speaking engagement for the following spring. But the Zionist
Organization of America opposed the invitation, and Julie Swiler, a spokeswoman
for the Jewish Community Relations Council of Minnesota and the Dakotas,
informed the university that, “In a 2002 speech in Boston, [Tutu] made some
comments that were especially hurtful” (Snyders). In that speech Tutu
criticized Israel for human rights violations against Palestinians. After
consultation with members of the Jewish community, President Dease announced
that Tutu would not be allowed to speak on campus.
Following the president’s decision, the chair of the
Justice and Peace Studies program, Cris Toffolo, sent Tutu a letter informing
him of the administration’s decision and expressing disagreement with it. When
they also received a copy, St. Thomas administrators removed her as chair of
the program.
Dease was denounced by faculty and students within
the university, and became the focus of international criticism. A National
Book Award-winning poet, Lucille Clifton, canceled her visit to St. Thomas in
protest. Even more alarming, Abraham Foxman, national director of the
Anti-Defamation League, sent a letter to Dease in which he wrote,
“While Archbishop Tutu is not a friend of Israel, we
do not believe he is an anti-Semite. As you rightly point out in your letter,
his words have often stung the Jewish community. However, while he may at times
have crossed the line, we believe that he should have been permitted to speak
on your campus.”
Contradictory directives from leading Jewish
organizations put President Dease in an awkward position. He reversed his
decision and re-invited Tutu to St. Thomas. However, Tutu made acceptance of
the offer conditional on Toffolo’s reinstatement as chair of the Justice and
Peace Studies program. But while the world-renowned peace activist, Desmond
Tutu, may have been too prominent a target, Toffolo was not. The administration
did not reinstate her as chair, and true to his word, Tutu declined the second
invitation.
Although Toffolo was already tenured and was not
stripped of her rank of associate professor, her treatment by St. Thomas, to
some degree, parallels DePaul University’s treatment of Mehrene Larudee. Larudee
was 19 days shy of becoming the director of DePaul’s program in international
studies when she learned she had been denied tenure, despite unanimous
decisions in her favor by faculty committees and her dean. Her firing in 2007
was widely perceived as retribution for her public support of Norman
Finkelstein.
Harvard University has also disinvited speakers for
their criticisms of Israel. J. Lorand Matory, a professor of anthropology and
of African and African-American studies at Harvard describes three such incidents.
In 2002,
“Harvard’s Department of
English invited Tom Paulin – Oxford professor and one of the finest living
British poets – to speak, but promptly disinvited him after then-University
President Lawrence H. Summers expressed disapproval of Paulin’s criticisms of
Israel. Though the Department later voted to reverse the disinvitation, Paulin
has never come to campus.”
Also disinvited was Norman Finkelstein in 2005, who
was previously invited to speak at the campus bookstore. Then in 2007, Rutgers biologist
Robert L. Trivers was invited to speak in honor of his receipt of the
prestigious Crafoord Prize in biosciences from the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences. But just hours before his scheduled speech, the invitation was
abruptly rescinded. His erstwhile campus host said that he was ordered to do so
by someone he would not name. “Also according to Trivers, Jeffrey Epstein later
admitted ordering the cancellation and said that he had done so under pressure
from Dershowitz. Epstein, a legal client of Dershowitz, had donated the funds
used to establish [the Program for Evolutionary Dynamics] which, according to
other sources, depends for its future effectiveness on further funding from him”
(Matory). Thus, at Harvard (and elsewhere) free speech by critics of Israel is
for sale, and campus administrators protect it up to the level of its cash
value.
Even faculty members who meticulously avoid publicity
are not immune from attack if their scholarship deviates from a
Zionist-approved agenda. A case in point is the ordeal of Nadia Abu El-Haj, an
anthropologist at Barnard College. Hundreds of alumni funneled their potential
for monetary donations into the service of censorship, demanding in 2007 that
the assistant professor not receive tenure. Nearly 2000 people signed a
petition to the campus president demanding her expulsion. Dr. Abu El-Haj was
guilty of writing a book entitled, “Facts on the Ground: Archaeological
Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society,” that “looked at
the role of archeology in what was essentially a political project: the
Biblical validation for Jewish claims in what is now Israel” (Kramer 50). She was eventually awarded tenure, but not
before receiving hate mail in bulk, being the target of denunciations, and
enduring mischaracterizations of her statements and beliefs. As with
Finkelstein, the principal (but baseless) argument was that tenure should be
denied on account of low quality of scholarship. The actual ideological
motivations would have been less effective on account of the need of university
administrators to at least pantomime support for the academic freedom for their
professors. In this rare instance, the presidents of Barnard and Columbia
deserve mild praise for not caving in to the mob.
Noam Chomsky informed me by email of this example of
intimidation:
“In the 1980s I was invited to a major US university
for a week of lectures on philosophy, and of course added many other talks and
meetings, in those days mostly on Central America. A tenured professor (who
taught part time at Tel Aviv) invited me to give a talk on the Middle East. The
next day I got a call from campus police asking if I would agree to have
uniformed police with me the entire time I was on campus. I refused, but was
accompanied by undercover armed police the whole time – walking from the
faculty club to a phil seminar, for example. After I left there was a huge
campaign of vilification, and an effort to remove tenure from the prof who
invited me.”
Tenure protected that
professor, but it did not protect Sami Al-Arian, an associate professor of
computer science at the University of South Florida. He was suspended
by the campus president after Fox TV’s Bill O’Reilly accused him of having
terrorist connections, two weeks after the 9/11 attack, and eventually fired. In
a December 19, 2001 statement by University of South Florida President Judy
Genshaft, posted on the university web site, the president followed rhetorical
norms when she wrote,
“Academic freedom is revered at USF . . . we respect the
right of faculty to express their personal views on controversial subjects,
with the understanding that it must be clear they are speaking for themselves
and not for the University. In this case, I have recognized my great
responsibility to fully consider both the welfare of the University Community
and Dr. Al-Arian’s rights of expression.”
Moving past the fanfare, the point of the memorandum
was this: “I have instructed our Office of Academic Affairs to notify Dr.
Al-Arian of the University’s intent to terminate his employment.” No proof of
guilt of anything, real or imagined, was offered, and academic freedom was
tossed out the window.
Two years later in 2003, the Bush administration
filed 17 trumped up charges against Al-Arian. Then after years of imprisonment,
and in spite of the government’s best legal efforts, he was fully acquitted of
eight of the charges, and the jury deadlocked on the rest, voting for acquittal
by 10 to 2. The verdict was a major defeat for the Bush administration, but
Al-Arian’s brutal treatment by his university and especially the government can
only be regarded as a successful assault on First Amendment rights for Middle
East activists and scholars.
By way of contrast, university administrations see no
problem in retaining professors like John Yoo, Henry Kissinger, and many others
who in a more just world might be tried for war crimes, or even crimes against
humanity. In such cases the principle of academic freedom is steadfastly upheld
by campus presidents.
The
Future
What accounts for the lack of courage and principle
by those who preside over the academy, when it comes to the Middle East? Clearly,
it is the influence of the Israel Lobby, a small but powerful rightwing group
that purports to speak for all Jews, and yet persecutes those Jews who dare to
criticize the policies of Israel.
The crackdown on dissent, obediently carried out by
American university presidents exposes “the grave limits of academic freedom in
the United States,” as Professor Gendzier put it. And it is not merely
individual professors like Norman Finkelstein who pay the price for censorship.
The quality and stature of U.S. universities, as a whole, is compromised by the
political Lysenkoism that muzzles critics of Israel. Perhaps lowering the
stature of American universities through censorship, and the consequent
upending of the lives of heretical scholars, is a price that university
presidents are willing to pay in order to appease the Lobby, but there may be
other unintended consequences to the stifling of debate about Israel.
The Lobby succeeds in stifling criticisms of Israel
by labeling critics as anti-Semites. In the case of Jewish critics, the labels
include “self-hating Jew,” “Holocaust denier,” and worse. According to this
propaganda, Jews who raise serious criticisms of Israel for the mistreatment of
Palestinians, Jews such as Norman Finkelstein, Noam Chomsky, Sara Roy, and many
others, are, in short, “Bad Jews.” It is left to the “Good Jews” to neutralize
such criticisms of Israel by tarring critics with these labels, thereby ending
their employment, blocking speaking engagements, or generally attempting to
destroy their credibility with the public – and with university presidents. In
this taxonomy, it is the “Good Jews” who claim to speak for Jews collectively.
The Israel-Palestine conflict is fundamentally about
land. Throughout its history, the land area of Israel has expanded, while the
land area for Palestinians has contracted. If Israeli expansionism in pursuit
of a Greater Israel is ultimately to succeed, it will be necessary to impose
negative growth on the Palestinian population over an extended period of time,
either through exodus or gradual genocide. Consistent with this purpose, Israel
has inflicted misery through humiliation, the wholesale use of torture,
demolition of homes, deprivation of water, power, and food, and through direct
assassinations and indiscriminate attacks.
It is no longer possible to hide the darker side of
Israeli policy, and mainstream voices have expressed concerns. John Mearsheimer
of the University of Chicago, and Stephan Walt of Harvard’s John F. Kennedy
School of Government raised doubts about the value of the U.S.-Israel alliance
in their book, “The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy.” Former President and
Nobel laureate, Jimmy Carter, pressed forward moral questions about Israel’s
behavior in his book, “Palestine: Peace not Apartheid.” Predictably, all three
authors were denounced by the Israel Lobby, but it is becoming increasingly
difficult to marginalize all of Israel’s critics.
As the realities of the Israel-Palestine conflict
enter public discourse with increasing weight, what will be the perception
toward Jews by the rest of the population? If the Israel Lobby’s “Good Jews”
continue to represent all Jews, and “Good Jews” defend Israel’s every action,
all the while working to suspend academic freedom in universities, what
ultimately will be the consequences?
A far more enlightened path would be for universities
to permit open discourse about the Middle East. Excluding Norman Finkelstein,
and others like him, from America’s universities is misguided in the extreme.
Acknowledgments
I thank Khaled Abou El Fadl, Noam Chomsky, Irene
Gendzier, Harry Hellenbrand, Sara Roy, Avi Shlaim, and John Trumpbour for
permission to use the quoted material attributed to them. I am also indebted to
Noam Chomsky, Norman Finkelstein, Irene Gendzier, Sara Roy, and John Trumpbour
for helpful comments and suggestions; to Laila Al-Arian for information about
her father; and to Edie Pistolesi and others unnamed for critical readings and
corrections. Finally, I would like to thank Edward Carvalho for his help in
finding and organizing approrpriate citations.
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