53.
Packard, Vance, Our Endangered Children: Growing
Up in a Changing World, Little, Brown, New York, 1983, p. 56.
54.
Hewlett, Sylvia Ann, A Lesser Life, p. 374.
55.
The Dutch Cross Society is an association promoting
maternal and child health care as well as home nursing for the sick, disabled and
elderly. It is organized on a national, regional and local basis, and two
thirds of all Dutch families are members.
56.
Williams, Bret C., and Miller, C. Arden, Preventive
Health Care for Young Children: Findings from a 10-Country Study and Directions
for United States Policy, National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington,
D.C., 1991, p. 26.
57.
Miller, C. Arden, Maternal Health and Infant
Survival, National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, D.C., 1987,
p. 24.
58.
‘Maternity Home Care and Related Services on
Offer by the Dutch Cross Society’, National Association for Community Nursing and
Home Help Services, Bunnick, Netherlands, 1991, pp. 12-13.
59.
Ibid., p. 12.
60.
The Swedish Institute, ‘Fact Sheets on Sweden:
Child Care in Sweden’, March 1990.
61.
National Social Insurance Board, Statistical Division,
Social Insurance Statistics: Facts 1991, National Social Insurance Board, December
1991, Stockholm, pp. 25-29.
62.
‘By Your Leave, Europe’, The Economist, 22
August 1987, p. 46, and Women in Australia, 1992, p. 129.
63.
The Swedish Institute, ‘Fact Sheets on Sweden:
Social Insurance in Sweden’, January 1991.
64.
Cutler, Blayne, The Swedish Example’, American
Demographics, Vol. 11, No. 4, April 1989, p. 70.
65.
The Progress of Nations, UNICEF, New York, 1993,
p. 51.
66.
Kamerman, Sheila B., ‘Child Care Policies and
Programs: An International Overview’, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 47, No.
2,1991, p. 193.
67.
Leprince, Frederique, in Day Care for Young
Children: International Perspectives Edward
C. Melhuish and Peter Moss, eds., Routledge, London, 1991, p. 12.
68.
Childcare in the European Communities, 1985-90,
Commission of the European Community, No. 31, Brussels, August 1990, p. 19.
69.
L’Enfant dans la vie, 1986.
70.
Baudelot, Olga, ‘Child Care in France’, in Sylvia
Ann Hewlett, Alice S. Ilchman, and John J. Sweeney, Family and Work: Bridging the
Gap, Ballinger, Cambridge, Mass., 1986, p. 49.
71.
Holtermann, Sally, Investing in Young Children:
Costing an Education and Day Care Service, National Children’s Bureau, London,
1992.
72.
Cohen, Bronwen, and Fraser, Neil, Childcare in a
Modern Welfare State: Towards a New National Policy, Institute of Public Policy
Research, London, 1991.
73.
Hansard, H.L., Vol. 502, Col. 488.
74.
Children in Care, House of Commons Social
Services Select Committee Report, London, 1984.
75.
Parton, Nigel, Governing the Family: ChildCare,
Child Protection and the State, Macmillan, 1991, p. 75.
76.
The Guardian, 26 February 1992, p. 23.
77.
Frost, Nick, and Stein, Mike, The Politics of
the Children Act’, Child-right, No. 68, July/ August 1990, pp. 17-19.
78.
Glendon, Mary Ann, op. cit., p. 105.
79.
Ibid., p. 84.
80.
Ibid., p. 85.
81.
Ibid., p. 86. The generosity of the Swedish benefit-service
package is described in S. Kamerman and A. Kahn, Income transfers for Families
with Children: An Eight-Country Study, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1983.
82.
Quoted in Lenore J. Weitzman, The Marriage Contract,
The Free Press, New York, 1981, p. 152.
83.
SeediscussioninHewlett,WhentheBough Breaks, pp.
322-323.
84.
Bulletin, London, Family Policy Studies Centre,
December 1991, p. 8.
85.
OECD Observer, ‘Labour Markets in the 1990s:
OECD Employment Outlook’, Paris, October/November 1990.
86.
Dingwall, James, ‘A Labor Crisis Looms’, D &
B Reports, May/June 1989, p. 63.
87.
Business Week, 19 September 1988.
88.
Burud, Sandra L., Aschbacker, Pamela R., and
McCroskey, Jacquelyn, Employer Supported Child Care: Investing in Human Resources,
Auburn House, Dover, Mass., 1984, pp. 22-26.
89.
Ransom, Cynthia, Aschbacker, PamelaR., and
Burud, Sandra L., ‘The Return in the Child-Care Investment’, Personnel
Administrator, October 1989, pp. 54-58. Nationwide, mothers of preschool
children have a very high absentee rate—11.5 per cent, compared with 5.8 per
cent for married women with no children. See Joseph R. Meisenheimer II, ‘Employee
Absences in 1989: A New Look at Data from the CBS’, Monthly Labor Review, 113,
No. 8, August 1990, p. 29.
90.
Warne, Lynne M., ‘News Release’, Honeywell Inc.,
Minneapolis, Minn., 3 August 1989.
91.
Phillips, J. Douglas, ‘Employee Turnover and the
Bottom Line’, working paper, Merck & Co. Inc., February 1989, p. 2.
92.
Ibid., p. 6.
93.
Smith, Michael, ‘Nursery Lesson for Employers on
Childcare’, The Financial Times, 24 February 1989, p. 7.
94.
Telephone interview, Ted Childs, Director, Work-Life
Program, IBM, 8 March 1991.
95.
According to Sheila Kamerman, “The prototypical American
family with two children, a working father and a part-time working mother...
can expect to spend about $200,000 per child up to age 18.” See book review by Sheila
B. Kamerman of Thomas J. Espenshade’s Investing in Children: New Estimates
ojParental Expenditures, The Urban Institute Press, Washington.D.C., 1984, in
Social Work, May-June 1986, Vol. 31, No. 3, p. 227. More recently Money
magazine, using Department of Agriculture figures, estimated that the average
family earning $50,000 or more a year will spend $265,249 to feed, clothe and
shelter a child up to age 22. See Andrea Rock, ‘Can You Afford Your Kids?’, Money,
July 1990, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 88-99.
96.
Zelizer, Viviana A., Pricing the Priceless Child:
The Changing Social Value of Children, Basic Books Inc., New York, 1985, p. 3.
97.
Ibid., p. 4.
98.
Fukuyama, Francis, ‘The End of History’, TheNationallnterest,
No. 16, Summer 1989, p3.
99.
The Financial Times, 20 April 1990, p. 26.
100.
‘A Third world New Zealand?’, Time, 16 December
1991, pp. 20-25.
101.
Johnston, William B., and Packer, Arnold H.,
Workforce 2000: Work and Workers for the 21st Century, Hudson Institute,
Indianapolis, 1987, p. 102.
102.
Coleman, James S., US Department of Health,
Education and Welfare, National Institute of Education, ‘Effects of School on Learning:
The IEA Findings’, presented at a Conference on Educational Achievement, Harvard
University, November 1973, p. 40.
103.
Ehrlich, Elizabeth, ‘America’s Schools Still Aren’t
Making the Grade’, Business Week, 19 September 1988, p. 132.
104.
Reich, Robert B., ‘Who is Us?’, Harvard Business
Review, 68, No. 1, January-February 1990, p. 59.
105.
Ohmae, K., et. al., ‘The Boundaries of Business:
Commentaries from the Experts’, Harvard Business Review, Cambridge, Mass.,
July-August 1991, p. 127.
106.
Committee for Economic Development, ‘Children in
Need, Investment Strategies for the Educationally Disadvantaged’, CED, Washington,
D.C., 1987, p. 3.
page69
Photo credits
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P. 41: Brenda Prince/Stock Boston
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P. 44: Owen Franken/Stock Boston
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P. 47: Frances Cox/Stock Boston
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